Putting a value on the benefits of planted forests — Fact sheet
This fact sheet is based on research by Scion. It looks into the many benefits forests provide and estimates some of the costs involved with forestry.
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Planted forests provide many benefits beyond timber, fuel and fibre.
Forests also:
- capture and store carbon dioxide from the atmosphere (this is called carbon sequestration)
- have roots that bind the soil together, making it less likely to wash away (helping to control erosion)
- soak up rainwater, preventing runoff and damage from flooding
- help improve water quality by minimising soil erosion, reducing sediment, and absorbing polluting chemicals
- help improve biodiversity
- provide physical and mental health benefits
- provide recreational resources.
Together, the benefits people get from the environment are known as ecosystem services. Many of the ecosystem services that forests provide don’t have a market value. This means benefits like avoided erosion are less understood or appreciated compared to timber values.
Research by Scion in 2019 used a tool called the Forest Investment Framework (FIF) to put a number on the broader value of potential forests on erodible land in the Hawke’s Bay. This research calculated the costs for forest establishment, estimated the value of the timber produced, and indicated the value of benefits like nutrient mitigation and avoided erosion.
Note
It’s important to note this research was undertaken in 2019, and pricing and value assumptions were made at that time. Current prices and values may be very different.
Approximate costs to establish, maintain and harvest a forest
Ballpark forest establishment costs
The cost of establishing a new plantation forest includes buying and planting the tree crop, along with weed control to maximise tree growth while the trees are establishing. The assumptions used in 2019 in developing the cost estimates were:
- labour cost: $38 per hour
- preparation base time: 3.5 hours per hectare
- planting operations base time: 8 hours per hectare
- tree stock: $500 per thousand seedlings
- herbicides: $100 per hectare
- mechanical preparation (cultivation or management of leftovers from harvesting): $520 per hectare, applied to 7% of the total area to be established.
Costs were adjusted to account for:
- additional effort needed as slopes get steeper
- how difficult it was to travel across a site because of obstacles like vegetation and slash (leftovers after logging).
Below are establishment costs per hectare calculated in 2019 for years 1, 2, and 3 for trees to be used for structural/framing timber.
Table one: Estimated cost of establishing a plantation forest
Table one shows the cost of establishing a plantation forest for a structural (framing) regime established at 900 stems per hectare (spha).
| Slope | Description | Year 1 ($ha-1) | Year 2 ($ha-1) | Year 3 ($ha-1) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0-5 | Flat | 1330.22 | 261.99 | 261.99 |
| 5-15 | Rolling | 1372.01 | 274.71 | 274.71 |
| 15-25 | Steep | 1460.81 | 301.73 | 301.73 |
| >25 | Very steep | 1706.33 | 376.46 | 376.46 |
Slope
0-5
Description
Flat
Year 1 ($ha-1)
1330.22
Year 2 ($ha-1)
261.99
Year 3 ($ha-1)
261.99
Slope
5-15
Description
Rolling
Year 1 ($ha-1)
1372.01
Year 2 ($ha-1)
274.71
Year 3 ($ha-1)
274.71
Slope
15-25
Description
Steep
Year 1 ($ha-1)
1460.81
Year 2 ($ha-1)
301.73
Year 3 ($ha-1)
301.73
Slope
>25
Description
Very steep
Year 1 ($ha-1)
1706.33
Year 2 ($ha-1)
376.46
Year 3 ($ha-1)
376.46
Ballpark plantation landing and road costs
Once trees are ready to harvest, you need:
- a landing – a clearing where logs are sorted and loaded onto trucks for shipment to a processing plant
- roads so trucks can move in and out and get your logs to ports or processing plants.
These costs were calculated taking into account different:
- slopes
- soil classes (to help figure out how hard it would be to do earthworks and create roads and landings).
Estimated costs for a landing as at 2019, according to soil class and slope, are shown below.
Table 2: Estimated costs for establishing landings
Table 2 shows estimated costs (NZ$) associated with establishing landings assigned by slope (in degrees) and soil class.
| Soil class | Flat slope (0-10) | Moderate slope (10-20) | Steep slope (>20) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Easy | $2,079 | $2,673 | $3,564 |
| Moderate | $3,564 | $4,158 | $4,752 |
| Hard | $4,752 | $5,940 | $9,504 |
Soil class
Easy
Flat slope (0-10)
$2,079
Moderate slope (10-20)
$2,673
Steep slope (>20)
$3,564
Soil class
Moderate
Flat slope (0-10)
$3,564
Moderate slope (10-20)
$4,158
Steep slope (>20)
$4,752
Soil class
Hard
Flat slope (0-10)
$4,752
Moderate slope (10-20)
$5,940
Steep slope (>20)
$9,504
Estimated costs as at 2019 for road construction, taking into account slope and the likelihood of erosion are shown below.
Table 3: Estimated construction costs for internal roads
Table 3 shows construction costs (NZ$) for the construction of internal roads within potential future forests assigned by class slope (in degrees) and erosion susceptibility classification.
| Slope | Low | Moderate | High | Very high |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0-5 | 39,427 | 40,621 | 43,011 | 47,790 |
| 5-15 | 46,595 | 57,348 | 66,101 | 74,074 |
| >15 | 75,269 | 84,827 | 93,190 | 119,475 |
Slope
0-5
Low
39,427
Moderate
40,621
High
43,011
Very high
47,790
Slope
5-15
Low
46,595
Moderate
57,348
High
66,101
Very high
74,074
Slope
>15
Low
75,269
Moderate
84,827
High
93,190
Very high
119,475
Ballpark costs of thinning
Labour costs for the thinning operations were assumed to be $45 per hour in 2019. This includes the costs of chainsaws, fuel, protective clothing, transport and overheads. Costs vary according to the slope of the land.
Table 4: Estimated costs of thinning
Table 4 shows the cost of thinning for a structural (framing) regime with an initial stocking of 900 spha and thinned to 600 spha at age 7.
| Slope | Description | Year 7 ($ha-1) |
|---|---|---|
| 0-5 | Flat | 700 |
| 5-15 | Rolling | 750 |
| 15-25 | Steep | 800 |
| >25 | Very steep | 900 |
Slope
0-5
Description
Flat
Year 7 ($ha-1)
700
Slope
5-15
Description
Rolling
Year 7 ($ha-1)
750
Slope
15-25
Description
Steep
Year 7 ($ha-1)
800
Slope
>25
Description
Very steep
Year 7 ($ha-1)
900
Ballpark costs of logging and transport
Cost of logging per tonne were calculated using the AgriHQ value associated with harvesting costs (see below).
Harvesting cost was calculated using ??ost = Yield * AgriHQ value
Transport costs from the forest location to its destination (port or processing plant) was done on a per kilometre basis, and was estimated to be $0.22 per km in 2019.
Table 5: Estimated logging costs
Table 5 shows estimated logging cost ($ per tonne) for the North Island by terrain/system and location.
| Slope | Extraction type | Agrifax value ($) |
|---|---|---|
| 0-10 | Flat ground-based | 19 |
| 10-15 | Tracked ground-based | 21 |
| 15-20 | Steep tracked | 31 |
| >20 | Hauler | 38 |
Slope
0-10
Extraction type
Flat ground-based
Agrifax value ($)
19
Slope
10-15
Extraction type
Tracked ground-based
Agrifax value ($)
21
Slope
15-20
Extraction type
Steep tracked
Agrifax value ($)
31
Slope
>20
Extraction type
Hauler
Agrifax value ($)
38
Estimating the value of ecosystem services
Scion also calculated the value of:
- carbon dioxide stored in the forests (rather than being released into the atmosphere)
- avoided nutrient runoff
- avoided sediment runoff
- biodiversity conservation benefits.
Returns from forestry on erodible land
In 2019, Scion estimated that radiata pine grown on highly erodible sites could return between $330 and $640 per hectare per year.
With a 28-year forestry rotation (time from planting to harvesting), they estimated that:
- the highest avoided erosion values were greater than $200 per hectare per year for land currently in livestock. This was calculated as the potential volume of sediment movement that can be avoided by planting target sites.
- the highest avoided nitrogen values were greater than $240 per hectare per year for land currently used for dairy.
In many cases, the annual value of the non-timber ecosystem services like avoided soil erosion and avoided contamination can be greater than timber. Much of the Hawke’s Bay region provides ecosystem services: timber ratios between 1: 1.50-2. These numbers suggest that for every dollar in annual profit provided by the new forests, the value of non-market ecosystem services is at least one and half times that.
The value of non-market ecosystem services is greatest in steep or very erodible land currently in livestock.
Converting land from agriculture to forestry
If you are thinking of converting some of your land currently used for livestock to forest, there are some important things to consider.
Tree planting should target highly erosion prone areas, which tend to be steeper, more exposed and with poorer soils, rather than blanket afforestation of entire farms including productive land.
Many farmers overestimate the returns from farming on their poorest land. In many instances, these poorest performing areas could benefit from planting, allowing resources to be focused more intensely on farming the better performing land classes.
A complementary approach where less productive land is planted in forest, and higher quality land is managed more intensively can lead to higher overall farm returns. It can also benefit the community and environment more than whole property conversions.
Landowners unsure about farm forestry should seek detailed information about the land classes on their farms to identify high performing areas, and other areas that could be planted.
Further reading
This fact sheet is based on research from Scion supported by funding awarded to the Hawke's Bay Regional Investment Company by the One Billion Trees Partnership Fund, Te Uru Rākau – New Zealand Forest Service/Ministry for Primary Industries.
Read the reports on the Ministry for Primary Industries' website:
- Summary report - Planting eroding hill country in the Hawke's Bay region
- Report - Spatial economic assessment of ecosystem services of potential afforestation areas in the Hawke’s Bay region.
Disclaimer
This work was completed in 2019. Since then, devastating weather events have affected the North Island in 2023. The Government is doing more work on species for erodible land in this region, so this material may no longer be accurate or up to date.